Woodward regulations are countless units of empirically derived guidelines which try to predict the wavelength of the absorption most ?max in an ultraviolet-visible spectrum of a given compound. Inpute used in the calculation are the kind of chromophores present, the auxochromes substituents on the chromophores, and solvent. Example is conjugated carbonyl compound conjugated dienes, and polyenes. One set of Woodward-fishers policies for dienes is outlined is both homoannular with each double bonds contained in one ring or heteroannular with double bonds disbursed between two rings. With the useful resource of these regulations the UV absorption most can be predicted

The aim of this research was to determine the Behovioural teratogenic effects of cimetidine on the offspring’s of Albino Rats. It was designed to test if cimetidine will have effect on offspring born to mothers who took cimetidine during gestation period. Sample of this study comprises of 3 pregnant albino rats which were randomly assigned into three (3) groups, grove A B and C. group A is the control group that did not receive any treatment while group B and C were the experimental group that received the experimental treatment. The experimental group B was given 2ml of cimetidine injection with cannula two times daily i.e.in the morning and in the evening. The experimental group C was given 2ml of cimetidine injection with a cannula daily i.e. 2ml of cimetidine injection in the morning and in the evening throughout their gestation period. 19 pups littered by the 3 female albino rats of both the control group and experimental groups were also used as the subject in the study. Three hypothesis were formulated and tested in this study, Hypothesis one was there will be a significant difference between the offspring’s of albino rats who were injected with cimetidine to those born to mothers who were not injected with cimetidine on a T-maze test. This was confirmed [DF (2,9)=33.96,P<.01]. Hypothesis two, was that offspring’s of albino rats who were injected with cimetidine during gestation will significantly perform low on the performance ability test (classical maze test) than those born to mother who were not injected was also tasted and confirmed [DF (2,9)=14/15, P<. 01]. The third hypothesis was that offspring’s born to albino rats who were injected with cimetidine during gestation will have a significant low birth weight than those offspring’s of mother who were not injected with cimetidine during gestation [DF (2,9) = 13.02, P< .01]. Data was analyzed using one way analysis of variance (ANOVA). We conclude that cimetidine intake during pregnancy will have effects on the memory, performance ability and birth weight of children. We therefore recommend that women who used cimetidine should stay away from it’s uses during pregnancy, because it is a teratogenic agent and could cause harm or impairment to their offspring’s.

Background: Antibiotic resistance is a significant and growing threat to global health. While the vast majority of antimicrobial use occurs in communities where antibiotics are available without a prescription, we were unable to locate any studies examining community-level factors that influence the inappropriate use of antibiotics in settings where nonprescription antibiotic use is common. Methods: This qualitative study was conducted from 1 April to 5 May 2019 and consisted of in-depth, semi-structured interviews with adult household heads recruited via purposive and snowball sampling techniques. Participants with diverse educational and medical backgrounds were chosen. We utilized a thematic analysis methodology to investigate the communitys knowledge and usage of antibiotics in the sampled population. Results: Interviews were conducted with 18 participants with a median age of 35 years. The majority were female (77.7%), had completed at least secondary school (83.4%), and were unemployed (61.1%). We discovered that participants were familiar with the term "antibiotics" but had limited understanding of the indications and hazards of antibiotics, including the risk of antibiotic resistance. Antibiotic misuse was prevalent, as was self-medication with non-prescribed medications for a variety of non-indicated conditions, such as menstruation. The most frequently reported reason for not visiting a health facility for appropriate health care was limited income. Conclusion: Lack of adequate knowledge of antibiotic use, indications, and risks, prevalent self-medication, and financial barriers to accessing appropriate health care all contribute to pervasive inappropriate antibiotic use. To reduce the inappropriate use of antibiotics, both community education and structural interventions addressing poverty are required

There are many drugs including both plant and mineral origin, which cannot be utilized directly. Even though those drugs are having high therapeutic value, they can be utilized only after following proper Sodhana. Sodhana has a very important role to reduce the toxicity or Teekshanatha of those drugs. But if those drugs are taken accidently or without following Sodhana, it will shows toxic reactions. Prathyoushadas are the drugs which used as antidote in such conditions. In Prayogasamucchaya, Prathyoushadas were explained in Ekadasha Paricchedam under the context of Asudha Bhakshana Chikitsa. Here author had explained Prathyoushada not only for Upavishas but also for some of the plant and mineral origin drugs if consumed without following Sodhana. Hence in this work an attempt is made to review the Prathyoushada explained in Prayogasamucchaya

Acute pharyngitis is a prevalent inflammatory condition primarily caused by viral or bacterial infections. Accurate identification of the causative agent is crucial for appropriate treatment selection. This study aimed to investigate the bacterial profile of patients with tonsillitis admitted to Marjan Teaching Hospital, as well as evaluate the potential psychological impact on affected individuals. Tonsil swabs were collected from male and female patients presenting with symptoms such as fever, dysphagia, swollen lymph nodes and pharyngeal tissues, voice alterations, and vomiting. Customized growth media was utilized for culturing the samples. Out of 250 samples, all exhibited positive bacterial growth (100%). Phenotypic and biochemical analyses were conducted to identify the bacteria. The most prevalent bacterium found was Staphylococcus aureus (40%, or 10 isolates), followed by Bacillus cereus (20%, or 5 isolates), Streptococcus pyogenes (16%, or 4 isolates), Streptococcus viridans (12%, or 3 isolates), Staphylococcus epidermidis (8%, or 2 isolates), and Streptococcus pneumoniae (4%). The results indicated a higher susceptibility to infection among male patients compared to females, particularly within the age range of 6-12 years old. These findings contribute to understanding the etiology of acute pharyngitis and underline the importance of accurate pathogen identification for effective treatment strategies.

Introduction: This section provides a brief overview of the significance of kidney failure and its impact on public health. It highlights the urgent need for effective diagnostic and treatment approaches to address this growing health concern. Overview of Immunological Mechanisms in Kidney Failure: The role of immune system dysregulation in the development and progression of kidney failure is discussed in this section. Various immune cells, cytokines, and inflammatory processes are explained in relation to their contribution to renal damage. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for developing targeted interventions. Immunological Approaches for Diagnosis: This section reviews immunological markers or techniques used for diagnosing kidney failure. The advantages, limitations, and potential clinical applications of these markers or techniques are discussed. Accurate diagnosis plays a crucial role in timely intervention and management. Immunological Approaches for Treatment: Different immunotherapeutic strategies employed in managing kidney failure are explored in this section. The mechanisms of action, efficacy, and potential side effects associated with these approaches are discussed. Advancements in immunotherapy offer hope for improved patient outcomes. Challenges and Future Directions: Existing challenges in implementing immunological approaches for kidney failure diagnosis and treatment are addressed here. Additionally, potential areas of research are suggested to overcome these challenges and enhance patient outcomes. Identifying future directions will drive innovation and progress.

Availability of physical cash is a vehicle for reproductive activity because its availability and accessibility determines reproductive activity in terms of conception among married couples. Stable economic is a panacea for reproductive activity to take place. The study is aim to investigate the Effects of Cashless Policy on Reproductive Activity among Married Women in Urban Areas of South-South Nigeria. The study involves 260 married women between 18 to 37 years of age. The study was a cross sectional study and questionnaires were given to participants after seeking their consent to fill independently and return it to the researcher. The study lasted for a period of 4 months. The study revealed that 82.3% of the participants did not have urge to sex during the period of Cashless policy while 17.7 do and 69.2% of the participants do not want to be pregnant during the season. 86.6% of the participants do not use protective devise during sex for several reasons. 95.4% have sex during the policy’s season and 98.5% of the participants were pregnant.81.5% said the pregnancy was not timely. 82.3% of the participants terminates their pregnancy and 82.3% used herbal medicine, 17.7% used tablets to terminate their pregnancy.94.6% have complications from terminating the pregnancy.69.2% of the participants said that, the policy brought hardship.

In December 2019, Wuhan reported its first cases of pneumonia which called coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a single-stranded RNA virus. COVID-19 vaccine is a safe way to help the immune system build defenses against COVID-19. The immune system relies on various types of cells, such as Lymphocytes, monocytes, macrophages, and other immune cells to fight infections. The aim of the study is to the assessment of blood parameters in different vaccinated groups of COVID-19 vaccines. We collected 100 samples from individuals that vaccinated with AstraZeneca, Sinopharm, and Pfizer vaccines and unvaccinated (infected), which were divided into four groups, each containing 25 samples, and did a CBC test. The study results indicate that different COVID-19 vaccines and natural immunization result in diverse immune responses in males and females. In males, the Sinopharm vaccine stimulates higher white blood cell count (7.11±0.44s) with a significant difference (p<0.05), while the AstraZeneca vaccine triggers greater lymphocyte (LYM%) activation (34.3±0.99) with a significant difference (p<0.05) than others covid19 vaccines. Natural immunization leads to increased monocyte (MON%) levels (8.34±0.69) with a significant difference (p<0.05) compared to covid19 vaccines in which the Sinopharm vaccine (6.96±0.49) shows significantly lower monocyte activation. The Pfizer and Sinopharm vaccines induce higher granulocyte (GRA%) activation (60.34±1.88 and 60.28±1.63, respectively) with a significant difference (p<0.05), while natural immunization (55.87±3.8) shows lower activation compared to covid19 vaccines with a significant difference (p<0.05). While in females, The AstraZeneca, Sinopharm vaccines, and natural immunization (6.1±0.5, 6.89±0.68, and 6.26±0.52, respectively) had the higher white blood cell (WBC) number with no significant difference(p>0.05) among them, while the Pfizer vaccine (5.7±0.36) had the lower WBC with a significant difference (p<0.05). The AstraZeneca vaccine had higher lymphocytes (LYM%) (36.14±1.25) with a significant difference (p<0.05), while the Sinopharm vaccine had significantly lower (29.85±3.62). Natural immunization had a significantly higher MON% (8.11±1.28a) with (p<0.05) compared to covid19 vaccines (with no significant difference among them), while the Sinopharm vaccine showed a higher in both GRA% and GRA number (64.38±3.88 and 4.52±0.57, respectively) with a significant difference (p<0.05). In conclusion, the AstraZeneca vaccine elevated the lymphocytes (LYM%) while natural immunization increased (MON%) in both genders. The study also reveals that males and females exhibit varied immune responses to different COVID-19 vaccines and natural immunization, and these variations may be attributed to vaccine composition, mechanisms of action, immune response variability, and timing of the research.